1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><title>Using the GEDCOM parser library</title>
4 <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"></head>
6 <body text="#000000" bgcolor="#ffffff" link="#000099" vlink="#990099" alink="#000099">
8 <h1 align="center">Using the GEDCOM parser library</h1>
14 <li><a href="#anchor">Overview</a></li>
15 <li><a href="#Error_handling">Error handling</a></li>
16 <li><a href="#Data_callback_mechanism">Data callback mechanism</a></li>
19 <li><a href="#Start_and_end_callbacks">Start and end callbacks</a></li>
20 <li><a href="#Default_callbacks">Default callbacks</a></li>
23 <li><a href="#Other_API_functions">Other API functions</a></li>
26 <li><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
27 <li><a href="#Error_treatment">Error treatment</a></li>
28 <li><a href="#Compatibility_mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>
31 <li><a href="interface.html">Interface details</a><br>
36 <hr width="100%" size="2">
37 <h2><a name="Overview"></a>Overview<br>
39 The GEDCOM parser library is built as a callback-based parser (comparable
40 to the SAX interface of XML). It comes with:<br>
43 <li>a library (<code>libgedcom.so</code>), to be linked in the application
45 <li>a header file (<code>gedcom.h</code>), to be used in the sources
46 of the application program</li>
47 <li>a header file (<code>gedcom-tags.h</code>) that is also installed,
48 but that is automatically included via <code>gedcom.h</code><br>
52 Next to these, there is also a data directory in <code>$PREFIX/share/gedcom-parse</code>
53 that contains some additional stuff, but which is not immediately
54 important at first. I'll leave the description of the data directory
57 The very simplest call of the gedcom parser is simply the following
58 piece of code (include of the gedcom header is assumed, as everywhere in
61 <blockquote><code>int result;<br>
63 result = <b>gedcom_parse_file</b>("myfamily.ged");<br>
65 Although this will not provide much information, one thing it does
66 is parse the entire file and return the result. The function returns
67 0 on success and 1 on failure. No other information is available using
68 this function only.<br>
70 The next sections will refine this to be able to have meaningful errors
71 and the actual data that is in the file.<br>
73 <hr width="100%" size="2">
74 <h2><a name="Error_handling"></a>Error handling</h2>
75 Since this is a relatively simple topic, it is discussed before the
76 actual callback mechanism, although it also uses a callback...<br>
78 The library can be used in several different circumstances, both terminal-based
79 as GUI-based. Therefore, it leaves the actual display of the error
80 message up to the application. For this, the application needs to register
81 a callback before parsing the GEDCOM file, which will be called by the library
82 on errors, warnings and messages.<br>
84 A typical piece of code would be:<br>
86 <blockquote><code>void <b>my_message_handler</b> (Gedcom_msg_type type,
92 <b>gedcom_set_message_handler</b>(my_message_handler);<br>
94 result = <b>gedcom_parse_file</b>("myfamily.ged");</code><br>
96 In the above piece of code, <code>my_message_handler</code> is the callback
97 that will be called for errors (<code>type=ERROR</code>), warnings (<code>
98 type=WARNING</code>) and messages (<code>type=MESSAGE</code>). The
99 callback must have the signature as in the example. For errors, the
100 <code> msg</code> passed to the callback will have the format:<br>
102 <blockquote><code>Error on line</code> <i><lineno></i>: <i><actual_message></i><br>
104 Note that the entire string will be properly internationalized, and
105 encoded in UTF-8 (see "Why UTF-8?" <i>LINK TBD</i>). Also,
106 no newline is appended, so that the application program can use it in any
107 way it wants. Warnings are similar, but use "Warning" instead of
108 "Error". Messages are plain text, without any prefix.<br>
110 With this in place, the resulting code will already show errors and
111 warnings produced by the parser, e.g. on the terminal if a simple <code>
112 printf</code> is used in the message handler.<br>
114 <hr width="100%" size="2">
115 <h2><a name="Data_callback_mechanism"></a>Data callback mechanism</h2>
116 The most important use of the parser is of course to get the data out
117 of the GEDCOM file. As already mentioned, the parser uses a callback
118 mechanism for that. In fact, the mechanism involves two levels.<br>
120 The primary level is that each of the sections in a GEDCOM file is notified
121 to the application code via a "start element" callback and an "end element"
122 callback (much like in a SAX interface for XML), i.e. when a line containing
123 a certain tag is parsed, the "start element" callback is called for that
124 tag, and when all its subordinate lines with their tags have been processed,
125 the "end element" callback is called for the original tag. Since GEDCOM
126 is hierarchical, this results in properly nested calls to appropriate "start
127 element" and "end element" callbacks.<br>
129 However, it would be typical for a genealogy program to support only
130 a subset of the GEDCOM standard, certainly a program that is still under
131 development. Moreover, under GEDCOM it is allowed for an application
132 to define its own tags, which will typically not be supported by another
133 application. Still, in that case, data preservation is important;
134 it would hardly be accepted that information that is not understood by a
135 certain program is just removed.<br>
137 Therefore, the second level of callbacks involves a "default callback".
138 An application needs to subscribe to callbacks for tags it does support,
139 and need to provide a "default callback" which will be called for tags
140 it doesn't support. The application can then choose to just store
141 the information that comes via the default callback in plain textual format.<br>
143 After this introduction, let's see what the API looks like...<br>
146 <h3><a name="Start_and_end_callbacks"></a>Start and end callbacks</h3>
148 <h4><i>Callbacks for records</i> <br>
150 As a simple example, we will get some information from the header of
151 a GEDCOM file. First, have a look at the following piece of code:<br>
153 <blockquote><code>Gedcom_ctxt <b>my_header_start_cb</b> (int level,
155
156 Gedcom_val xref, <br>
157
158 char *tag, <br>
159
160 char *raw_value,<br>
161
162 int parsed_tag, <br>
163
164 Gedcom_val parsed_value)<br>
166 printf("The header starts\n");<br>
167 return (Gedcom_ctxt)1;<br>
170 void <b>my_header_end_cb</b> (Gedcom_ctxt self)<br>
172 printf("The header ends, context is %d\n", self); /* context
173 will print as "1" */<br>
177 <b>gedcom_subscribe_to_record</b>(REC_HEAD, my_header_start_cb,
178 my_header_end_cb);<br>
180 result = <b>gedcom_parse_file</b>("myfamily.ged");</code><br>
182 Using the <code>gedcom_subscribe_to_record</code> function, the application
183 requests to use the specified callbacks as start and end callback. The end
184 callback is optional: you can pass <code>NULL</code> if you are not interested
185 in the end callback. The identifiers to use as first argument to
186 the function (here <code>REC_HEAD</code>) are described in the <a href="interface.html#Record_identifiers">
187 interface details</a>.<br>
189 From the name of the function it becomes clear that this function is
190 specific to complete records. For the separate elements in records
191 there is another function, which we'll see shortly. Again, the callbacks
192 need to have the signatures as shown in the example.<br>
194 The <code>Gedcom_ctxt</code> type that is used as a result of the start
195 callback and as an argument to the end callback is vital for passing context
196 necessary for the application. This type is meant to be opaque; in
197 fact, it's a void pointer, so you can pass anything via it. The important
198 thing to know is that the context that the application returns in the start
199 callback will be passed in the end callback as an argument, and as we will
200 see shortly, also to all the directly subordinate elements of the record.<br>
202 The <code>tag</code> is the GEDCOM tag in string format, the <code>parsed_tag</code>
203 is an integer, for which symbolic values are defined as <code>TAG_HEAD,</code>
204 <code>TAG_SOUR,</code> <code>TAG_DATA,</code> ... and <code>USERTAG </code><code></code>
205 for the application-specific tags. These values are defined in the
206 header <code>gedcom-tags.h</code> that is installed, and included via <code>
207 gedcom.h</code> (so no need to include <code>gedcom-tags.h</code> yourself).<br>
209 The example passes a simple integer as context, but an application could
210 e.g. pass a <code>struct</code> that will contain the information for the
211 header. In the end callback, the application could then e.g. do some
212 finalizing operations on the <code>struct</code> to put it in its database.<br>
214 (Note that the <code>Gedcom_val</code> type for the <code>xref</code>
215 and <code>parsed_value</code> arguments was not discussed, see further
219 <h4><i>Callbacks for elements</i></h4>
220 We will now retrieve the SOUR field (the name of the program that wrote
221 the file) from the header:<br>
223 <blockquote><code>Gedcom_ctxt <b>my_header_source_start_cb</b>(Gedcom_ctxt
225
226 int
227 level,<br>
228
229 char*
230 tag,<br>
231
232 char*
233 raw_value,<br>
234
235 int
236 parsed_tag,<br>
237
238 Gedcom_val
239 parsed_value)<br>
241 char *source = GEDCOM_STRING(parsed_value);<br>
242 printf("This file was written by %s\n", source);<br>
243 return parent;<br>
246 void <b>my_header_source_end_cb</b>(Gedcom_ctxt parent,<br>
247
248 Gedcom_ctxt self,<br>
249
250 Gedcom_val parsed_value)<br>
252 printf("End of the source description\n");<br>
256 <b>gedcom_subscribe_to_element</b>(ELT_HEAD_SOUR,<br>
257
258 my_header_source_start_cb,<br>
259
260 my_header_source_end_cb);<br>
262 result = <b>gedcom_parse_file</b>("myfamily.ged");</code><br>
264 The subscription mechanism for elements is similar, only the signatures
265 of the callbacks differ. The signature for the start callback shows
266 that the context of the parent line (e.g. the <code>struct</code> that
267 describes the header) is passed to this start callback. The callback
268 itself returns here the same context, but this can be its own context object
269 of course. The end callback is called with both the context of the
270 parent and the context of itself, which will be the same in the example.
271 Again, the list of identifiers to use as a first argument for the
272 subscription function are detailed in the <a href="interface.html#Element_identifiers">
273 interface details</a> .<br>
275 If we look at the other arguments of the start callback, we see the
276 level number (the initial number of the line in the GEDCOM file), the tag
277 (e.g. "SOUR"), and then a raw value, a parsed tag and a parsed value. The
278 raw value is just the raw string that occurs as value on the line next to
279 the tag (in UTF-8 encoding). The parsed value is the meaningful value
280 that is parsed from that raw string. The parsed tag is described in
281 the section for record callbacks.<br>
283 The <code>Gedcom_val</code> type is meant to be an opaque type. The
284 only thing that needs to be known about it is that it can contain specific
285 data types, which have to be retrieved from it using pre-defined macros.
286 These data types are described in the <a href="interface.html#Gedcom_val_types">
287 interface details</a>. <br>
289 Some extra notes:<br>
292 <li>The <code>Gedcom_val</code> argument of the end callback
293 is currently not used. It is there for future enhancements.</li>
294 <li>There is also a <code>Gedcom_val</code> argument in
295 the start callback for records. This argument is currently a string
296 value giving the pointer in string form.</li>
300 <h3><a name="Default_callbacks"></a>Default callbacks<br>
302 As described above, an application doesn't always implement the entire
303 GEDCOM spec, and application-specific tags may have been added by other applications.
304 To preserve this extra data anyway, a default callback can be registered
305 by the application, as in the following example:<br>
307 <blockquote><code>void <b>my_default_cb</b> (Gedcom_ctxt parent,
308 int level, char* tag, char* raw_value, int parsed_tag)<br>
314 <b>gedcom_set_default_callback</b>(my_default_cb);<br>
316 result = <b>gedcom_parse_file</b>("myfamily.ged");</code><br>
318 This callback has a similar signature as the previous ones,
319 but it doesn't contain a parsed value. However, it does contain the
320 parent context, that was returned by the application for the most specific
321 containing tag that the application supported.<br>
323 Suppose e.g. that this callback is called for some tags in the header
324 that are specific to some other application, then our application could make
325 sure that the parent context contains the struct or object that represents
326 the header, and use the default callback here to add the level, tag and
327 raw_value as plain text in a member of that struct or object, thus preserving
328 the information. The application can then write this out when the
329 data is saved again in a GEDCOM file. To make it more specific, consider
330 the following example:<br>
332 <blockquote><code>struct header {<br>
333 char* source;<br>
335 char* extra_text;<br>
338 Gedcom_ctxt my_header_start_cb(int level, Gedcom_val xref, char* tag,
340
341 int parsed_tag, Gedcom_val parsed_value)<br>
343 struct header head = my_make_header_struct();<br>
344 return (Gedcom_ctxt)head;<br>
347 void my_default_cb(Gedcom_ctxt parent, int level, char* tag, char* raw_value,
350 struct header head = (struct header)parent;<br>
351 my_header_add_to_extra_text(head, level, tag, raw_value);<br>
354 gedcom_set_default_callback(my_default_cb);<br>
355 gedcom_subscribe_to_record(REC_HEAD, my_header_start, NULL);<br>
357 result = gedcom_parse_file(filename);</code><br>
359 Note that the default callback will be called for any tag that isn't
360 specifically subscribed upon by the application, and can thus be called
361 in various contexts. For simplicity, the example above doesn't take
362 this into account (the <code>parent</code> could be of different
363 types, depending on the context).<br>
365 <hr width="100%" size="2">
367 <h2><a name="Other_API_functions"></a>Other API functions<br>
369 Although the above describes the basic interface of libgedcom, there
370 are some other functions that allow to customize the behaviour of the library.
371 These will be explained in the current section.<br>
373 <h3><a name="Debugging"></a>Debugging</h3>
374 The library can generate various debugging output, not only from itself,
375 but also the debugging output generated by the yacc parser. By default,
376 no debugging output is generated, but this can be customized using the
377 following function:<br>
379 <blockquote><code>void <b>gedcom_set_debug_level</b> (int level,
380 FILE* trace_output)</code><br>
382 The <code>level</code> can be one of the following values:<br>
385 <li>0: no debugging information (this is the
387 <li>1: only debugging information from libgedcom
389 <li>2: debugging information from libgedcom and
393 If the <code>trace_output</code> is <code>NULL</code>, debugging information
394 will be written to <code>stderr</code>, otherwise the given file handle
395 is used (which must be open).<br>
398 <h3><a name="Error_treatment"></a>Error treatment</h3>
399 One of the previous sections already described the callback to be registered
400 to get error messages. The library also allows to customize what
401 happens on an error, using the following function:<br>
403 <blockquote><code>void <b>gedcom_set_error_handling</b> (Gedcom_err_mech
404 mechanism)</code><br>
406 The <code>mechanism</code> can be one of:<br>
410 <li><code>IMMED_FAIL</code>: immediately fail the
411 parsing on an error (this is the default)</li>
412 <li><code>DEFER_FAIL</code>: continue parsing after
413 an error, but return a failure code eventually</li>
414 <li><code>IGNORE_ERRORS</code>: continue parsing
415 after an error, return success always</li>
419 This doesn't influence the generation of error or warning messages, only
420 the behaviour of the parser and its return code.<br>
424 <h3><a name="Compatibility_mode"></a>Compatibility mode<br>
426 Applications are not necessarily true to the GEDCOM spec (or use a different
427 version than 5.5). The intention is that the library is resilient
428 to this, and goes in compatibility mode for files written by specific programs
429 (detected via the HEAD.SOUR tag). This compatibility mode can be
430 enabled and disabled via the following function:<br>
433 <blockquote><code>void <b>gedcom_set_compat_handling</b>
434 (int enable_compat)</code><br>
436 The argument can be:<br>
440 <li>0: disable compatibility mode</li>
441 <li>1: allow compatibility mode (this is the default)<br>
446 Note that, currently, no actual compatibility code is present, but this
447 is on the to-do list.<br>
450 <hr width="100%" size="2">
452 <pre><font size="-1">$Id$<br>$Name$</font><br></pre>