Using the GEDCOM parser library


Index

Overview

The GEDCOM parser library is built as a callback-based parser (comparable to the SAX interface of XML).  It comes with:
Next to these, there is also a data directory in $PREFIX/share/gedcom-parse that contains some additional stuff, but which is not immediately important at first.  I'll leave the description of the data directory for later.

The very simplest call of the gedcom parser is simply the following piece of code (include of the gedcom header is assumed, as everywhere in this manual):
int result;
...
gedcom_init();
...
result = gedcom_parse_file("myfamily.ged");
Although this will not provide much information, one thing it does is parse the entire file and return the result.  The function returns 0 on success and 1 on failure.  No other information is available using this function only.

The call to gedcom_init() should be one of the first calls in your program.  The requirement is that it should come before the first call to iconv_open (part of the generic character set conversion feature) in the program, either by your program itself, or indirectly by the library calls it makes.  Practically, it should e.g. come before any calls to any GTK functions, because GTK uses iconv_open in its initialization.  For the same reason it is also advised to put the -lgedcom option on the linking of the program as the last option, so that it's initialization code is run first.

The next sections will refine this piece of code to be able to have meaningful errors and the actual data that is in the file.

Error handling

Since this is a relatively simple topic, it is discussed before the actual callback mechanism, although it also uses a callback...

The library can be used in several different circumstances, both terminal-based as GUI-based.  Therefore, it leaves the actual display of the error message up to the application.  For this, the application needs to register a callback before parsing the GEDCOM file, which will be called by the library on errors, warnings and messages.

A typical piece of code would be:
void my_message_handler (Gedcom_msg_type type, char *msg)
{
  ...
}
...
gedcom_set_message_handler(my_message_handler);
...
result = gedcom_parse_file("myfamily.ged");
In the above piece of code, my_message_handler is the callback that will be called for errors (type=ERROR), warnings (type=WARNING) and messages (type=MESSAGE).  The callback must have the signature as in the example.  For errors, the msg passed to the callback will have the format:
Error on line <lineno>: <actual_message>
Note that the entire string will be properly internationalized, and encoded in UTF-8 (Why UTF-8?).  Also, no newline is appended, so that the application program can use it in any way it wants.  Warnings are similar, but use "Warning" instead of "Error".  Messages are plain text, without any prefix.

With this in place, the resulting code will already show errors and warnings produced by the parser, e.g. on the terminal if a simple printf is used in the message handler.

Data callback mechanism

The most important use of the parser is of course to get the data out of the GEDCOM file.  As already mentioned, the parser uses a callback mechanism for that.  In fact, the mechanism involves two levels.

The primary level is that each of the sections in a GEDCOM file is notified to the application code via a "start element" callback and an "end element" callback (much like in a SAX interface for XML), i.e. when a line containing a certain tag is parsed, the "start element" callback is called for that tag, and when all its subordinate lines with their tags have been processed, the "end element" callback is called for the original tag.  Since GEDCOM is hierarchical, this results in properly nested calls to appropriate "start element" and "end element" callbacks.

However, it would be typical for a genealogy program to support only a subset of the GEDCOM standard, certainly a program that is still under development.  Moreover, under GEDCOM it is allowed for an application to define its own tags, which will typically not  be supported by another application.  Still, in that case, data preservation is important; it would hardly be accepted that information that is not understood by a certain program is just removed.

Therefore, the second level of callbacks involves a "default callback".  An application needs to subscribe to callbacks for tags it does support, and need to provide a "default callback" which will be called for tags it doesn't support.  The application can then choose to just store the information that comes via the default callback in plain textual format.

After this introduction, let's see what the API looks like...

Start and end callbacks

Callbacks for records

As a simple example, we will get some information from the header of a GEDCOM file.  First, have a look at the following piece of code:
Gedcom_ctxt my_header_start_cb (int level,
                                Gedcom_val xref,
                                char *tag,
                                char *raw_value,
                                int parsed_tag,
                                Gedcom_val parsed_value)
{
  printf("The header starts\n");
  return (Gedcom_ctxt)1;
}

void my_header_end_cb (Gedcom_ctxt self)
{
  printf("The header ends, context is %d\n", (int)self);   /* context will print as "1" */
}

...
gedcom_subscribe_to_record(REC_HEAD, my_header_start_cb, my_header_end_cb);
...
result = gedcom_parse_file("myfamily.ged");
Using the gedcom_subscribe_to_record function, the application requests to use the specified callbacks as start and end callback. The end callback is optional: you can pass NULL if you are not interested in the end callback.  The identifiers to use as first argument to the function (here REC_HEAD) are described in the interface details .

From the name of the function it becomes clear that this function is specific to complete records.  For the separate elements in records there is another function, which we'll see shortly.  Again, the callbacks need to have the signatures as shown in the example.

The Gedcom_ctxt type that is used as a result of the start callback and as an argument to the end callback is vital for passing context necessary for the application.  This type is meant to be opaque; in fact, it's a void pointer, so you can pass anything via it.  The important thing to know is that the context that the application returns in the start callback will be passed in the end callback as an argument, and as we will see shortly, also to all the directly subordinate elements of the record.

The tag is the GEDCOM tag in string format, the parsed_tag is an integer, for which symbolic values are defined as TAG_HEAD, TAG_SOUR, TAG_DATA, ... and USERTAG for the application-specific tags.  These values are defined in the header gedcom-tags.h that is installed, and included via gedcom.h (so no need to include gedcom-tags.h yourself).

The example passes a simple integer as context, but an application could e.g. pass a struct (or an object in a C++ application) that will contain the information for the header.  In the end callback, the application could then e.g. do some finalizing operations on the struct to put it in its database.

(Note that the Gedcom_val type for the xref and parsed_value arguments was not discussed, see further for this)

Callbacks for elements

We will now retrieve the SOUR field (the name of the program that wrote the file) from the header:
Gedcom_ctxt my_header_source_start_cb(Gedcom_ctxt parent,
                                      int         level,
                                      char*       tag,
                                      char*       raw_value,
                                      int         parsed_tag,
                                      Gedcom_val  parsed_value)
{
  char *source = GEDCOM_STRING(parsed_value);
  printf("This file was written by %s\n", source);
  return parent;
}

void my_header_source_end_cb(Gedcom_ctxt parent,
                             Gedcom_ctxt self,
                             Gedcom_val  parsed_value)
{
  printf("End of the source description\n");
}

...
gedcom_subscribe_to_element(ELT_HEAD_SOUR,
                            my_header_source_start_cb,
                            my_header_source_end_cb);
...
result = gedcom_parse_file("myfamily.ged");
The subscription mechanism for elements is similar, only the signatures of the callbacks differ.  The signature for the start callback shows that the context of the parent line (here e.g. the struct that describes the header) is passed to this start callback.  The callback itself returns here in this example the same context, but this can be its own context object of course.  The end callback is called with both the context of the parent and the context of itself, which in this example will be the same.  Again, the list of identifiers to use as a first argument for the subscription function are detailed in the interface details .

If we look at the other arguments of the start callback, we see the level number (the initial number of the line in the GEDCOM file), the tag (e.g. "SOUR"), and then a raw value, a parsed tag and a parsed value.  The raw value is just the raw string that occurs as value on the line next to the tag (in UTF-8 encoding).  The parsed value is the meaningful value that is parsed from that raw string.  The parsed tag is described in the section for record callbacks above.

The Gedcom_val type is meant to be an opaque type.  The only thing that needs to be known about it is that it can contain specific data types, which have to be retrieved from it using pre-defined macros.  These data types are described in the interface details.

Some extra notes:

Default callbacks

As described above, an application doesn't always implement the entire GEDCOM spec, and application-specific tags may have been added by other applications.  To preserve this extra data anyway, a default callback can be registered by the application, as in the following example:
void my_default_cb (Gedcom_ctxt parent, int level, char* tag, char* raw_value, int parsed_tag)
{
  ...
}

...
gedcom_set_default_callback(my_default_cb);
...
result = gedcom_parse_file("myfamily.ged");
This callback has a similar signature as the previous ones, but it doesn't contain a parsed value.  However, it does contain the parent context, that was returned by the application for the most specific containing tag that the application supported.

Suppose e.g. that this callback is called for some tags in the header that are specific to some other application, then our application could make sure that the parent context contains the struct or object that represents the header, and use the default callback here to add the level, tag and raw_value as plain text in a member of that struct or object, thus preserving the information.  The application can then write this out when the data is saved again in a GEDCOM file.  To make it more specific, consider the following example:
struct header {
  char* source;
  ...
  char* extra_text;
};

Gedcom_ctxt my_header_start_cb(int level, Gedcom_val xref, char* tag, char *raw_value,
                               int parsed_tag, Gedcom_val parsed_value)
{
  struct header head = my_make_header_struct();
  return (Gedcom_ctxt)head;
}

void my_default_cb(Gedcom_ctxt parent, int level, char* tag, char* raw_value, int parsed_tag)
{
  struct header head = (struct header)parent;
  my_header_add_to_extra_text(head, level, tag, raw_value);
}

gedcom_set_default_callback(my_default_cb);
gedcom_subscribe_to_record(REC_HEAD, my_header_start, NULL);
...
result = gedcom_parse_file(filename);
Note that the default callback will be called for any tag that isn't specifically subscribed upon by the application, and can thus be called in various contexts.  For simplicity, the example above doesn't take this into account (the parent could be of different types, depending on the context).

Note also that the default callback is not called when the parent context is NULL.  This is e.g. the case if none of the "upper" tags has been subscribed upon.

Other API functions

Although the above describes the basic interface of libgedcom, there are some other functions that allow to customize the behaviour of the library.  These will be explained in the current section.

Debugging

The library can generate various debugging output, not only from itself, but also the debugging output generated by the yacc parser.  By default, no debugging output is generated, but this can be customized using the following function:
void gedcom_set_debug_level (int level, FILE* trace_output)
The level can be one of the following values:
If the trace_output is NULL, debugging information will be written to stderr, otherwise the given file handle is used (which must be open).

Error treatment

One of the previous sections already described the callback to be registered to get error messages.  The library also allows to customize what happens on an error, using the following function:
void gedcom_set_error_handling (Gedcom_err_mech mechanism)
The mechanism can be one of:
This doesn't influence the generation of error or warning messages, only the behaviour of the parser and its return code.

Compatibility mode

Applications are not necessarily true to the GEDCOM spec (or use a different version than 5.5).  The intention is that the library is resilient to this, and goes in compatibility mode for files written by specific programs (detected via the HEAD.SOUR tag).  This compatibility mode can be enabled and disabled via the following function:
void gedcom_set_compat_handling (int enable_compat)
The argument can be:
Note that, currently, no actual compatibility code is present, but this is on the to-do list.

Converting character sets

All strings passed by the GEDCOM parser to the application are in UTF-8 encoding.  Typically, an application needs to convert this to something else to be able to display it.

The most common case is that the output character set is controlled by the locale mechanism (i.e. via the LANG, LC_ALL or LC_CTYPE environment variables), which also controls the gettext mechanism in the application.  


The source distribution of gedcom-parse contains an example implementation (utf8-locale.c and utf8-locale.h in the "t" subdirectory of the top directory).   Feel free to use it in your source code (it is not part of the library, and it isn't installed anywhere, so you need to take over the source and header file in your application).  

Its interface is:
char *convert_utf8_to_locale (char *input, int *conv_failures);
char *convert_locale_to_utf8 (char *input);
Both functions return a pointer to a static buffer that is overwritten on each call.  To function properly, the application must first set the locale using the setlocale function (the second step detailed below).  All other steps given below, including setting up and closing down the conversion handles, are transparantly handled by the two functions.  

If you pass a pointer to an integer to the first function, it will be set to the number of conversion failures, i.e. characters that couldn't be converted; you can also just pass NULL if you are not interested (note that usually, the interesting information is just whether there were conversion failures or not, which is then given by the integer being bigger than zero or not).  The second function doesn't need this, because any locale can be converted to UTF-8.

You can change the "?" that is output for characters that can't be converted to any string you want, using the following function before the conversion calls:
void convert_set_unknown (const char *unknown);

If you want to have your own functions for it instead of this example implementation, the following steps need to be taken by the application (more detailed info can be found in the info file of the GNU libc library in the "Generic Charset Conversion" section under "Character Set Handling" or online here):
#include <locale.h>    /* for setlocale */
#include <langinfo.h>  /* for nl_langinfo */
#include <iconv.h>     /* for iconv_* functions */
setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
iconv_t iconv_handle;
...
iconv_handle = iconv_open(nl_langinfo(CODESET), "UTF-8");
if (iconv_handle == (iconv_t) -1)
  /* signal an error */
/* char* in_buf is the input buffer,    size_t in_len is its length */
/* char* out_buf is the output buffer,  size_t out_len is its length */

size_t nconv;
char *in_ptr = in_buf;
char *out_ptr = out_buf;
nconv = iconv(iconv_handle, &in_ptr, &in_len, &out_ptr, &out_len);
If the output buffer is not big enough, iconv will return -1 and set errno to E2BIG.  Also, the in_ptr and out_ptr will point just after the last successfully converted character in the respective buffers, and the in_len and out_len will be updated to show the remaining lengths.  There can be two strategies here:
Another error case is when the conversion was unsuccessful (if one of the characters can't be represented in the target character set).  The iconv function will then also return -1 and set errno to EILSEQ; the in_ptr will point to the character that couldn't be converted.  In that case, again two strategies are possible:
    1. if the first byte is in binary 0xxxxxxx, then the character is only one byte long, just skip over that byte

    2. if the first byte is in binary 11xxxxxx, then skip over that byte and all bytes 10xxxxxx that follow.
iconv_close(iconv_handle);
The example implementation mentioned above grows the output buffer dynamically and outputs "?" for characters that can't be converted.

Support for configure.in

Programs using the GEDCOM parser library and using autoconf to configure their sources can use the following statements in configure.in (the example is checking for gedcom-parse, version 1.34):
AC_CHECK_LIB(gedcom, gedcom_parse_file,,
             AC_MSG_ERROR(Cannot find libgedcom: Please install gedcom-parse))
AC_MSG_CHECKING(for libgedcom version)
AC_TRY_RUN([
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <gedcom.h>
int
main()
{
if (GEDCOM_PARSE_VERSION >= 1034) exit(0);
exit(1);
}],
ac_gedcom_version_ok='yes',
ac_gedcom_version_ok='no',
ac_gedcom_version_ok='no')
if test "$ac_gedcom_version_ok" = 'yes' ; then
  AC_MSG_RESULT(ok)
else
  AC_MSG_RESULT(not ok)
  AC_MSG_ERROR(You need at least version 1.34 of gedcom-parse)
fi
There are three preprocessor symbols defined for version checks in the header:
The last one is equal to (GEDCOM_PARSE_VERSION_MAJOR * 1000) + GEDCOM_PARSE_VERSION_MINOR.
$Id$
$Name$